Deng Xiaoping

1. Describe the struggle for power following Mao, the emergence of Deng Xiaoping and the defeat of the gang of four.

• Death of Zhou Enlai (Jan. 1976) - symbolize opposition to policies of Maoist radicals
  
• Competition between Maoists and moderates
• Gang of Four blame violence of protests mourning Zhou on Deng, Deng purged and Gang of Four arrested
• Hua Guofeng become prime minister, unable to block Deng's political prowess
• Deng assume power not necessarily as prime minister, but puppet master
  

2. Describe some of the economic policies and Four Modernizations for China under Deng.

• 4 Modernizations: agriculture, industry, science and technology, and national defense
• Introduce elements of capitalism - international trade, increase foreign business investments
• Agriculture - break up commune system, introduce responsibility system (plots to farmers, turn over produce at fixed price, keep / sell surplus)
• Industry - material incentives, weaken central planning, use market-related pricing policies with production quotas - marginally successful

3. What were the political changes and limits under Deng and how did these culminate in the Tiananmen Square conflict in 1989?

• Bureaucratic reforms - attempt to eliminate corruption (educated officeholders, higher salaries) = FAILED
• Democracy Wall Movement - encourage freedom of speech (Nov. 1978 to March 1979), people put posters on Democracy wall, leaders of protest eventually arrested
• Revolts take place when regime relaxes grip
• Tiananmen Square - Chinese gather to mourn death of Hu Yaobang, turn into riot demanding freedom of speech / assemble / association, criticize nepotism and corruption of party
• June 3 - army attack demonstrators
  

Cold War - Potsdam Conference

1. Division of Germany into occupation zones - set the stage for East / West Berlin madness between capitalism and communism
2. War reparations on Germany for USSR, not as great as desired - lead to USSR aggression post WWII
3. Truman hint at "powerful new weapon" to Stalin - eventually unleash A-Bomb on Japan to end the war
   
4. US call for unconditional surrender of Japan, Russia fall through with promises of aiding US in Japan after Germany's surrender
   

Cold War - Korea

1. War in Korea served as aggression ground for US / USSR
2. Basis of ideological differences between US and USSR, N = communist, S = republic, both sides thought they could unify the peninsula under the correct political system
3. Stalin finally authorize N invasion of S, did not expect US and United Nations to come to aid S
   
4. Served as means for USSR to keep US occupied in Asia ( through delayed peace conferences) and not concentrating on USSR
5. No use of Atomic Bomb - demonstrate that US did not want to provoke USSR more than necessary
   

Falkland/Malvinas War

Political Repercussions and Territorial Changes:
• Territorial changes – Britain gain the Falkland Islands, Argentina lose
• Political repercussions:
– Argentina: loss prompt protests against the military government, ultimately leading to it’s downfall, war more impactful on Argentina, Argentine defeat profoundly affected the resolution of the Beagle conflict and led to to Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina
– United Kingdom: political morale boost, help Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher to win 1983 general election (which was previously undetermined)
– Falkland Islands: full British citizenship restored in 1983, lifestyle was improved by investments Britain made after the war and liberalization of economic measures that had been stalled through fear of angering Argentina. 1985, new constitution was enacted promoting self-government, which has continued to delegate power to the islanders.
• Cultural and political weight: less effect on the British public than Argentina, where the war is still a topic of discussion
• Diplomatic relations between the UK and Argentina were not restored until 1989 under a formula which put the issue of sovereignty to one side

The Twilight of Zapatismo

Pablo Gonzalez - ambition far outrun his abilities

• Morelos - obliterate all races of the Convention and destroy Palafox's agrarian reforms
• Sell off food and surplus goods to Mexico City
• Troops begin to die from disease (malaria, dysentary, typhoid)
  

Zapata new policy - avoid attacking garrisons but pick on targets (railways, factories, etc.) whose destruction would impress foreign consuls and diplomats

• As Zapata hoped, US envoys report to Washington that Carranza's grip on Mexico uncertain and slipping toward anarchy
• To reestablish presence in Morelos against Gonzalez - launch simultaneous attacks on 10 cities
• Stalemate allowing Zapata to resume agrarian reform

Disaster in D.F. - crops unharvested, cattle exported to buy arms, mines/factories close, banks fail, shortage of food/water/coal/other basics

• All sides of Rev. printed money and forced people to accept it - HYPERINFLATION!
• Carranza decree that gold, silver, and US dollar would be only medium of exchange

Carranza:

• Did not hold political agenda: eliminate old huertista guard, control newspapers, purce civil service and diplomatic corps, took control of railways, forced loans and taxes on hostile areas, persecuted Spaniards, and used execution as reflex
• Want rigid, bureaucratic control from the center
• Saw Catholicism as reactionary force - follow whoever has power - want church under him so it would not become a rival
• Formidable enemy = foreign investment from US
• Land reform - basically ambivalent, no land confiscated which had been acquired "legitimately"
• 2 main problems - tried to make military subordinate to civilian bureaucracy while relying on army to enforce his will
  

Constitution of 1917:

• Increase the power of the presidency, abolish vice-presidency and weaken legislature
• Article 27 - private property not an absolute right as the ultimate owner of the land was the nation
• Article 123 - eight-hour work day, abolish child labor, protect women and children, holidays, reasonable wages, profit-sharing, and arbitration and compensation in case of dismissal
• Article 3 & 130 - Church not legal entity, property of the state

Felix Diaz revolt:

• Plan of Tierra Colorada (1 Feb. 1916) - manifesto condemning Carranza
  
• Covertly backed by US - shipped arms and laid contingency plans out
• Composed of different conservatives, wanted a loose federal structure & thought Carranza and co. were corrupt, land-grabbing opportunists

Zapata:

• By 1917 - hacienda structure ceased to exist as an institution
• Made efforts to benefit the population by introducing schools
• 3 signs of decline:
  

1. Self-defense units began resisting Zapata's own foraging parties
2. Baditry
3. Crumbling resolve and disaffection of his chieftains

• Became paranoid and suspicious and became more isolated
• Carranza send word to Gonzalez to eliminate Zapata by any means necessary
• 10 April, 1917 - Zapata assassinated by Guajardo - NOOOOOOOOOOO!!!

The Triumph of Blitzkrieg Notes

Case Yellow - plan to attack the west, Germans disagree on where to invade - argue long enough that it becomes winter and attack is postponed

• designed to separate the British from the French and win ground in Belgium to provide ports to launch attack against Britain

Luftwaffe - German airforce
Panzer Division - armored division / tanks

WWI - air power non-existent
WWII - air power becomes a big problem

• All countries expected a land war - countries surprised when trenches become unimportant

Blitzkrieg = super focused, fast operation

French problem - refugees! Can't bring in reinforcement or respond, start using prisoners to fight

Case Red - advance into the French heartland

• Stop for 2 days allowing Britain to get away...whoopsie!
  

3 Long Term & 3 Short Term Causes of WWII

Long Term Causes:

1. Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations -

• Extreme reparations, especially on Germany
• Become a mode for strong countries to band together against weaker, less autonomous nations
• Lack of action on world threats as opposed to promises in articles of confederation
  
• Cause of extended nationalism - unify Germany against Europe
  

2. Militarism/Industrialism/Nationalism -

• Buildup of forces to fight and increased aggression
• Competition for resources and material goods
• Increased nationalism in the race for heightened economy
• Lead to competition and desire for DOMINATION!!!
  

3. Post-WWII Division of Land -

• Losing countries of WWI angry due to loss of land that was rightfully theirs
• Change in boundaries and borders leave people of other nationalities in new countries, also put arguing political groups in same country
• Leave countries such as Germany desiring to reclaim their rightful land
  

Short Term Causes:

1. German Rearmament -

• Germany's increase in armed forces cause European countries to rearm due to the German threat
• Europe viewed the rearmament as a call to war, almost, at least as a threat
  

2. Annexation of Land (German & Italian) -

• Germany's continual aggression in the reclamation of land (Rhineland and Sudatenland)
• Italy attacks Ethiopia
• Europe fear all out war - both countries test their boundaries
  

3. Hitler's Invasion of Poland -

• Germany cross the line by invading Poland, thus forcing Britain and France
  to declare war
• Europe feel betrayed